Method and apparatus for carrying out a mox fuel rod quality control

ABSTRACT

A method for carrying out a comprehensive quality control of MOX fuel rods, including measurement of plutonium content of pellets contained in the rod, check of internal structure and constituents in the rod, including the detection of rogue pellets, and measurement of dimensional characteristics and radioactive contamination along the rod surface, by moving the fuel rod axially, performing concurrently the measurements and checks along the fuel rod moved axially, using radiometry and radiography. An apparatus for carrying out the method.

This invention relates to a method for a comprehensive quality control of MOX (mixed oxide) fuel rods, and to an apparatus designed for carrying out said method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nuclear fuel rods are utilized in most power reactors (light water reactors, heavy water reactors, breeder reactors, . . . ) as the elementary unit isolating the nuclear fuel from the environment. As such, they must meet high quality standards and are controlled accordingly, before being released for mounting into a fuel assembly (sometimes called fuel element or fuel bundle), which is the final product, used to transport the fuel, to load it into the reactor, to maintain it in the reactor core, to unload it from the reactor and eventually to dispose of it by interim storage for later reprocessing or final disposal.

A fuel rod 1 (FIG. 1) consists typically of a stack of pellets 2 made from fissionable material, enclosed in a tube or cladding 3, sealed at both open ends by an end plug, an upper end plug 4 and a lower end plug 5. The pellet stack is usually maintained in place by a spring 6, located in a plenum 7, designed to accommodate the fuel rod internal pressure. This internal pressure results from the initial gaseous filling of fuel rods, from the helium mainly produced by alpha decay of the plutonium and of the curium formed during irradiation and from the gaseous fission products. In some fuel rod designs, a plenum is provided at the bottom end as well as at the top end of the fuel rod. An isolating pellet 8 is sometimes provided between the plenum spring 6 and the adjacent fuel pellet 2.

Besides leak tightness of the fuel rod, related to welding the end plugs, the most prominent quality attributes of any fuel rod are:

-   -   the enrichment level of each pellet along the stack, which         determines the power rating. It is most commonly verified by         scanning the native or induced gamma emission or X-ray         fluorescence of the fuel rod;     -   the absence of inter-pellet gaps, which cause high local power         peaking and may result in failure of the cladding. It can be         verified by radiographing the full length of the fuel rod;     -   the pellet stack length, plenum length and presence of the         plenum spring and other structural components (getters, Al₂O₃         insulating pellets, UO₂ blanket pellets, . . . ). It is commonly         verified by radiographing the plenum regions of each rod;     -   the total length of the fuel rod, which relates to good behavior         of the fuel assembly. It is commonly verified by metrology;     -   contamination of the external surface of the fuel rod by         radioactive material, which affects internal radiation exposure         of the personnel in the further fabrication and transportation         steps, as well as the radioactivity level of the whole primary         circuit of the power reactor and its purification system. It is         commonly verified by measuring the alpha activity of the fuel         rod or selected areas of the fuel rod. The alpha radiations have         indeed a very small penetration capability and therefore         correctly represent the amount of nuclear fuel present at the         surface; and     -   the relationships between a fuel rod identification code, a mark         and/or a number, and the specified type and characteristics of         fuel. They are verified by comparing the fuel rod identification         and the results of quality verifications mentioned above.

The most usual type of nuclear fuel is made from enriched uranium dioxide in which the natural content of ²³⁵U has been increased, leaving as residue depleted uranium, with a lower than original ²³⁵U content. This enrichment process is conducted on gaseous uranium fluoride, producing therefore highly homogeneous enriched uranium, as is typical for any gaseous phase process. Re-conversion of the enriched uranium hexafluoride into uranium dioxide to be manufactured into fuel rods does not alter the good enrichment homogeneity of the feed and of the resulting fuel. The verification of pellet enrichment along a fuel rod, mentioned above, therefore has the sole purpose of verifying that ‘rogue’ pellets (pellets not meeting specifications of the fabrication lot being manufactured) have not sneaked in.

Plutonium recuperated from reprocessing spent nuclear UO₂ fuel is a more energetic material than ²³⁵U and can therefore favorably be utilized to manufacture nuclear fuel. For this purpose, the plutonium oxide is blended with depleted (or natural) uranium dioxide to constitute a mixed oxide, commonly referred to as MOX, fuel functionally equivalent to the enriched uranium fuel that it replaces for loading into the power reactor core. The mechanical blending of powders to constitute MOX fuel does not benefit from the inherent homogeneity of enriched uranium (resulting from a gaseous processing step). The enrichment control along the fuel rod has to verify that each pellet has a plutonium content within the specified tolerance range and detect any rogue pellets in the fuel stack.

Additionally, unlike ²³⁵U, which is a single fissile isotope, plutonium feed consists mainly of five plutonium isotopes (²³⁸Pu, ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu, ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴²Pu) and of americium (²⁴¹Am), which is a decay product of ²⁴¹Pu. In this plutonium feed, only two isotopes are ‘fissile’, ²³⁹Pu and ²⁴¹Pu, and the four others are essentially neutron absorbers. Several plutonium lots are used to fabricate a MOX fuel reload. These lots have inherently different isotopic compositions and americium contents. The resulting MOX fuel must however contain plutonium with uniform isotopic composition and americium content, within specified tolerance ranges. It is achieved by judiciously taking aliquots of different plutonium feed lots for blending with uranium oxide. As a consequence, the quality control of MOX fuel rods has to verify also that the specified uniformity of plutonium isotopic composition and americium content is actually achieved in the end product. It is an additional challenge for the quality control equipment.

MOX fuel is also considered the most efficient way to process plutonium declared in excess of military needs. Irradiation of MOX fuel from weapon-grade plutonium irreversibly degrades the isotopic composition of the plutonium to an extent that renders it inadequate for later military purposes. As compared to civil plutonium, weapon-grade plutonium is essentially composed of ²³⁹Pu, with a small content of ²⁴⁰Pu and a minute content of ²⁴¹Pu. So variability of isotopic composition and americium content are not a problem. But the very low content of neutron absorbing plutonium isotopes results in reduced tolerance margins having to be specified for plutonium contents in each pellet. Moreover, the negligible quantity of americium, the most intense gamma emitter, renders the detection of pellet-to-pellet variations in plutonium content less sensitive. So the quality control problem is finally as acute for MOX fuel using weapon-grade plutonium as that coming from civil plutonium.

The higher neutron cross-section and the higher radiotoxicity of plutonium compared to ²³⁵U result in a lower tolerable surface contamination of MOX fuel rods than enriched uranium fuel rods. Extra attention must therefore be devoted to obtaining reliable and reproducible alpha contamination data from quality control.

The nuclear material accountancy and the safeguards surveillance are much stricter for plutonium than for enriched uranium. Hence, the quality control of the fuel rods must provide more accurate data to the nuclear material accountancy system and to the safeguards inspectors in a MOX fuel fabrication plant than in a uranium fuel fabrication plant.

A MOX fuel assembly is constituted from MOX fuel rods with three to five different Pu contents, while an equivalent enriched uranium fuel assembly contains usually a lower number of fuel rods of different uranium enrichments. Simultaneously, the power peaking resulting from an inter-pellet gap in the pellet stack, from a non-conforming pellet in a fuel rod or from a non-conforming fuel rod in a given position within a fuel assembly is much more severe in MOX fuel than in enriched uranium fuel. For MOX fuel, it is therefore more important than for uranium fuel, to assure detection of inter-pellet gaps in the pellet stack, of rogue pellets in a fuel rod or of mismatch of rod identification code with contained fuel type.

All plutonium isotopes and americium are gamma emitters, to such an extent that the gamma radiation from a MOX fuel rod is orders of magnitude higher than from an equivalent enriched uranium fuel rod. The neutron activity, resulting partially from spontaneous fissions and partially from (α, n) reactions with the oxygen of the oxide, is also many orders of magnitude higher than enriched uranium fuel rods. Hence the handling of MOX fuel rods must be reduced to a minimum and their presence outside shielded storage places must be as short as possible, to minimize radiation exposure of the personnel.

To summarize the challenge, quality control of MOX fuel rods is encompassing more attributes and needs to be more accurate than for uranium fuel rods, but the time devoted to quality control must be as short as possible, to minimize personnel exposure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Most of the existing quality control methods developed specifically for fuel rods containing mixed oxides (herein included not only uranium-plutonium oxides, but also uranium-gadolinium oxides) place emphasis on the verification of the enrichment uniformity (or specified axial distribution) along the fuel rod. One apparatus is generally dedicated to the implementation of such quality control method.

One example is the method and apparatus for passively gamma scanning a nuclear fuel rod described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,552. The fuel rod is stepwise advanced along a linear path of travel and its natural gamma radiation emission (proportional to the enrichment) is counted by a plurality of regularly spaced apart detectors, the signals of which are summed to obtain the calculated enrichment of each length segment along the fuel rod. The stepwise progression of the fuel rod through the apparatus prevents incorporating in the same apparatus the control of other attributes, as mentioned in the challenge described in the conclusion to the above Background of the Invention.

Another example is the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,692 for non-destructive testing of fuel rods containing uranium oxide pellets with axially variable enrichment contents and/or for fuel rods containing uranium-gadolinium oxide pellets. The fuel rod is conveyed at uniform speed through a test channel, in front of successively a magnetometer (sensitive to the gadolinium content), a background gamma rays detector, a densitometer (consisting of a gamma source and a scintillation detector) and an active scanner (consisting of a neutron source and a gamma ray detector). A computer determines, from those counts, the gadolinium content and the enrichment, by correcting the active scanner response for the background gamma rays and for the density at each location along the fuel rod. While this is an example of non-destructive testing of fuel rods for multiple attributes, it does not address the specific challenge of MOX fuel, described in the Background above.

Neutron coincidence counting is also a known method to obtain the mass of fissile material within a tested volume. Time required to achieve a good precision precludes utilizing this method to determine local variations of Pu content for fuel rod scanning purposes. The method is practically only used for global fissile material verification by safeguards inspectors.

X-ray fluorescence systems that count the X-rays emitted by Pu and U are used industrially to provide a direct measure of the enrichment of MOX pellets. An example is the system described in “Use of X-ray fluorescence for high precision measurement of uranium and plutonium in MOX”, presented by C. G. Wilkins and H. Spottiswoode, in Proceedings of the ESARDA Symposium, Sevilla, 4-6 May 1999. Such a system can be used to implement a passive radiometric method in a fuel rod scanner, but the sensitivity is low if the fuel rod scanner has to operate at industrial throughputs. Moreover, X-rays have a lower penetrating power in the materials than gamma rays. So X-ray fluorescence measures essentially the periphery of the pellets and is practically insensitive to large fissile or inert inclusions or other heterogeneities at or near the center of the pellet.

All those known systems address only one or a few attributes that need to be controlled in industrially fabricated MOX fuel rods. In that respect, they do not meet the challenge described in the Background above.

In approaching the challenge, it was recognized that the solution should encompass as many as possible non-destructive verifications of quality attributes (hereafter “quality controls”). It minimizes the buffer storages to be provided between quality controls. As a result, the quality control area is reduced, which reduces the expensive capital cost of the MOX plant, and the fuel handling is reduced, which reduces the radiation exposure of the workers.

Amongst the quality controls to be performed, some were identified as impossible to match within a single comprehensive quality verification on moving fuel rods, namely:

-   -   the helium leak test, which involves enclosing the fuel rods to         be tested in a vacuum chamber;     -   the X-ray quality control of the end plug welds, the low         sensitivity of which requires the fuel rod to be immobilized         during a long time under the X-ray source; and     -   the control of geometrical features such as fuel rod bow or end         plug out-of-round, which require the fuel rod to be axially         rolled on a flat inspection marble or in a geometry measuring         bench.

The invention focuses on a comprehensive method to non-destructively control all the other quality attributes.

To be industrially applicable in modern medium and large size MOX fuel fabrication plants, the duration of an inspection should be 2 to 4 minutes per fuel rod, corresponding to an inspection rate of 2-4 cm fuel rod length per second.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, the quality attributes are controlled by moving the MOX fuel rod axially and performing concurrently measurements and checks using exclusively radiometry and radiography methods.

Other details and particular features of the invention will emerge from the appended claims and the description of the method and apparatus of the invention, given below by way of non-limiting examples, with reference to the appended drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic axial cross-section of a fuel rod to be controlled with the method and/or apparatus of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic representation of an apparatus which can be used for carrying out the control method of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic representation of a γ-radiometric detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod to be checked being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.

FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic cross-section according to the direction IV-IV of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic representation of a γ-radiographic detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod to be checked being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.

FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic representation of the same γ-radiographic detector as of FIG. 5 but the fuel rod is oriented parallel to the drawing.

FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic representation of an alpha contamination detector, which can be used in the apparatus of the invention, the fuel rod being oriented perpendicularly to the drawing.

FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic cross-section according to the direction VIII-VIII of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of signal conditioning, acquisition and processing units, which can be incorporated in the apparatus of the invention.

In the various figures, the same references denote the same or similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Apparatus and method will be described at the same time in order to avoid unnecessary repetitions.

According to the invention, all or most of the quality attributes to be controlled are verified by having one single MOX fuel rod 1 (FIG. 2) moved at a time, at strictly constant speed, in front of controlling devices implementing different controls, from before the fuel rod 1 passes in front of the first controlling device until it has passed the last controlling device.

The controls performed in series along the path of the moving fuel rod 1 consist of:

-   -   a γ-radiometry (in a device 12) based on the scanning and the         processing of the native or induced gamma radiation emitted by         the fuel pellets 2 of the rod 1. It provides signals related to         important quality attributes of the fuel stack: rogue pellet         detection and variations along the fuel stack of Pu contents and         of isotopic composition (basically ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴¹Pu, ²⁴¹Am). By         integrating the measurement along the stack length, it reveals         the total Pu content of the fuel rod 1. Among others, it is a         confirmatory input data for nuclear material accountancy and         safeguards inspection;     -   a γ-radiography (in a device 13) based on the quantitative         detection and the processing of the gamma radiation emitted by a         gamma source and traversing the fuel rod 1. It provides signals         related to the structural attributes to be controlled:         inter-pellet gaps, fuel stack length, presence and position of         isolating pellets 8 at the end(s) of fuel pellet stack, presence         of the plenum spring 7, and length of the plenum;     -   an α-radiometry (in a device 14) based on the counting of the         alpha emission of the fuel rod surface, to measure the local Pu         contamination and, by integration, the total Pu contamination;     -   an electro-optical reading (in a device 15) of the fuel rod         identification code(s); and     -   a conditioning and an acquisition of the signals as well as a         calibration and a computation of all the signals received to         locate them adequately along the fuel rod 1, a comparison of the         signals with limits derived from the fuel rod specification or a         translation into units used subsequently (% Pu, mm, Bq/cm², . .         . ) and an integration of the results concerning attributes         pertaining to the full fuel rod.

The successive position and the numbering of the devices 12-15, as given in FIG. 2, are of no importance and may be modified.

A constant speed V movement of the fuel rod 1 is preferred for the embodiment of the invention. Alternatively a step-by-step progression of the fuel rod 1 in front of the controlling devices 12-15 could be selected. But a stepwise movement is not adapted to the detection of rogue pellets partially overlapping with the collimating windows of the controlling devices 12. Moreover to obtain the desired inspection rate, the stepwise progression of the fuel rod 1 could induce shocks, with a danger of deconsolidating the pellet stack and/or of damaging some pellets at pellet/pellet interfaces. Two pairs of rollers 16, 17 represent diagrammatically driving means for the rod motion in the apparatus.

The γ-radiometry (as exemplified with more details in FIGS. 3 and 4) used for the detection of rogue pellets is preferably based on measuring the gamma radiation emitted by the radioactive decay of plutonium and americium using a simplified spectrometric method with one or several gamma detector(s) 21 and different energy window discriminators. Rogue, or non-conforming, pellets are pellets that differ from specified pellets in the fuel rod 1 as regards enrichment and/or isotopic composition. The selection of gamma detectors 21 can be made between either scintillators or solid state semiconductors (e.g. NaI, Ge, CdTe, . . . ).

A NaI (Tl) crystal 21 is preferred for the embodiment because of its high detection sensitivity and its working at room temperature and its weak sensitivity to temperature, as well as the possibility to get large monocrystals at low cost. However, its ability to distinguish between gamma rays of different energies is relatively poor, as compared to the two other types of detectors. Selecting a quite large gamma energy band specific to one Pu isotope, as outlined below, can compensate this inconvenience.

Ge detectors have by far the best energy resolution, but also have the disadvantage of having to operate at very low temperature, usually achieved by cooling with liquid nitrogen. For those reasons, their use is restricted to cases involving complex gamma ray spectra or requiring detailed information about the isotopic content of materials. In this respect, their use is practically limited to global safeguards inspections and to laboratories and research centers. GeLi can also be considered.

CdTe (and CdZnTe) detectors do not need cooling and have the highest intrinsic detection efficiency of the three types of detectors. Their superior energy resolution makes them a candidate for use instead of NaI detectors, whenever required by the characteristics of the MOX fuel to be fabricated (e.g. low ²⁴¹Am and ²⁴¹Pu contents). Known CZT detectors can also be considered.

The identification of non-conforming pellets is preferably based on the measurement of the isotopes contributing significantly to the gamma spectrum emitted naturally by the fuel (i.e. ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴¹Pu, ^(tot)Pu and ²⁴¹ Am), using the following selection of energy windows:

-   -   ²⁴¹Am strongly influences the low- and the high-energy parts of         the spectra (below 100 KeV and above 500 KeV);     -   ²⁴¹Pu (through the radioactive decay of ²³⁷U) is responsible for         most of the rays between 150 KeV and 350 KeV;     -   ²³⁹Pu is responsible for most of the radiations between 350 KeV         and 500 KeV;     -   ^(tot)Pu is responsible for the total gamma rays between 90 and         500 KeV.

All the isotopes present (U, Pu, Am) contribute directly and indirectly through their X and γ-emission. This emission is induced by the native radioactivity of the fuel and thus reflects the global enrichment level.

The gamma emission captured by the gamma detectors 21 is collimated with fixed collimators 23, the width of which is determined by calculation on basis of the pellet length, the plutonium content and isotopic composition, the amount and size of detectors 21 and the motion speed V of the fuel rod 1. The NaI (or CdTe) detectors 21 can also be provided with cadmium filters to reduce the low energy gamma count. A multiplicity of gamma detectors 21 can be incorporated, as required to reach the necessary quality control precision or reproducibility.

A possible embodiment of a gamma detector comprises an annular scintillator 21, a plurality of associated photomultipliers 20, an annular cadmium filter or screen 24 to dim the ²⁴¹Am signal, collimators 23 and mechanical guides 25 for the fuel rod 1, as schematized in FIGS. 3 and/or 4.

Considering typical gamma spectra of different plutonium types, it appears that the statistical significance of the measurements associated with the high-energy windows is low due to the reduced counting rate. At the other end, the low energy radiations are strongly absorbed by the fuel itself and by the rod cladding 3. That means that the window between 150 KeV and 350 KeV is the most effective one and that measurements must be correlated with the ²⁴¹Pu content of the pellets.

The measurements of gamma rays emitted by the ²⁴¹Am and Pu through a narrow detector and the detection of their low/high transition signals provide also information on the length and position of the pellet stack.

Whenever the isotopic composition of Pu processed into MOX fuel is unfavorable for the passive γ-radiometry described so far, an active γ-radiometry can be utilized, which is specifically incorporated in this description. It is, for instance, the case in fabricating MOX fuel from weapon-grade plutonium, which is essentially composed of ²³⁹Pu, with a small content of ²⁴⁰Pu, a minute content of ²⁴¹Pu and almost no ²⁴¹Am. The active γ-radiometry is based on activating the fuel by properly thermalized neutrons from an external neutron source (e.g. ²⁵²Cf or ²⁴¹AmLi) and measuring the gamma radiation resulting from the neutron induced fissions of predominantly ²³⁹Pu, to a small extent ²⁴¹Pu and negligibly ²³⁵U. It provides therefore a direct measurement of the fissile content. The measurement can be performed by any of the detectors already mentioned.

The γ-radiography (exemplified with more details in FIGS. 5 and 6) is based in a possible embodiment on the measurement, with at least one gamma detector 34 and at least one photomultiplier 35, of the traversing radiation emitted by a gamma source 30 of ²⁴¹Am or ¹³⁷Cs placed along the fuel rod 1 and narrowly collimated by a first collimator 32 near the source 30 and a second collimator 33 in front of the scintillator 34.

The selection of NaI (TI) crystal gamma-detectors 34 is preferred for the embodiment because of its counting efficiency and its working at room temperature and its weak sensitivity to temperature. The ²⁴¹Am or ¹³⁷Cs isotopes are preferred as a gamma source 30 because of their long half-life and their availability.

The necessary associated photomultiplier 35 and a source shielding 31 are represented in FIGS. 5 and 6.

The control of some attributes is based on the detection of low/high transitions of the counting after due processing while other controls are based on the level of counting. The position of the upper and lower ends of the fuel rod is measured by a low/high transition in one or several photocells. The low/high transitions of the signals are converted into lengths by exploiting the constant speed of the moving rod.

It provides the required data on length and position of all internal components of the fuel rod, such as the presence of spring and isolating pellets and the presence, position and magnitude of any gap between components and within stack. It also provides the total rod length and the plenum length. It contributes to the localization with respect to the lower end plug of the signals pertaining to the various attributes controlled with the γ-radiometric methods. When necessary, the data on rod length, position of components or localization of gaps can be corrected taking into account the temperature of the rod cladding.

Some attributes are controlled using both the γ-radiometry and radiography in combination. For instance, the presence of blanket pellets at the edge of the MOX fuel stack can be deduced from the measurement of the total pellet stack length using the radiography and the total MOX fuel pellet stack length using the radiometry.

The above mentioned γ-radiographic method can be used for monitoring some pellet fabrication process parameters (e.g. pellet density, . . . ).

The α-radiometry (exemplified with more details in FIGS. 7 and 8) is based in a possible embodiment on the detection of alpha particles with a ZnS(Ag) scintillation detector 41 coated with thin light-opaque sheets 42 and having a plurality of photomultipliers 40. The measured contamination is the sum of the remaining fixed and transferable alpha contaminations at the surface of the fuel rod 1. Because of the short distance of propagation of α-radiation in air, the mechanical guiding 25 of the rod 1 has to be accurate. CaF₂(Eu), Gd₂O₂S, Y₂O₂S doped with Tb or Eu scintillators can also be considered.

It must be understood that the present invention is in no way limited to the embodiments described above and that many modifications may be carried out thereon without departing from the scope of the claims presented below.

The electro-optical rod identification (device 15 of FIG. 2) consists of a computerized image processing of the markings engraved in one of the rod end plugs to indicate the enrichment and/or in a computerized image processing of a human or machine readable identification code provided at the surface of the rod and/or in a reading on a barcode identification provided at the surface of the fuel rod.

A more sophisticated image processing could even detect out of specification scratches on the surface of the moving fuel rods, by providing adequate lighting.

Another possible embodiment of the γ-radiometric method can also be based on a comprehensive γ-spectrometry, as well known by those skilled in the art.

It should be noted that these methods (i.e. γ-radiometry, γ-radiography, α-radiometry, electro-optical rod identification) can be combined with other non destructive methods for the concurrent performance of the comprehensive quality control of MOX fuel rods.

EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS

Non-limiting examples of individual devices used and of an apparatus implementing the integrated quality control method are provided hereunder for illustration of the method.

The constant speed movement V of the fuel rods 1 in front of the controlling devices 12-15 can be obtained by a driving mechanism with the pressing rolls 16, 17 driven by two stepping motors strictly electronically synchronized, one located at the feed end of the apparatus and the other at the exit end.

The rods 1 are loaded from a load table and unloaded to an unload table, with mono-layers of rods, thereby providing self-shielding of the controlling devices.

To enhance the counting of the native γ-emission in order to have the appropriate precision, an annular geometry for the NaI (or CdTe) detector 21 is often preferred to an asymmetrical geometry for the embodiment of the invention. For the same purpose, a plurality of photomultipliers 20 fixed to the annular NaI (or CdTe) detector is also preferred, as well as a plurality of detectors 12 mounted in series. In this latter case, the distance between the successive detectors is adjusted to be a multiple of the longitudinal control channels that are the result of multiplying the sampling time by the rod motion speed and a summing of the delivered signals is performed after temporal shifting. In this latter case too, the successive detection units (composed of scintillator, collimator, photomultipliers, . . . ) can be dedicated for the detection of one given Pu or Am isotope in order to optimize the related performances (the latter results of the optimization of the collimation width and the thickness of the cadmium filter as a function of the gamma emission of this isotope, the response of the scintillator and the rod motion speed).

In the same way, to enhance the alpha counting in order to have the appropriate precision, an annular geometry for ZnS detector 41 is often preferred to an asymmetrical geometry for the embodiment of the invention. For the same purpose, a plurality of photomultipliers 40 fixed to the annular ZnS is also preferred.

For the γ-radiometric and γ-radiographic measurements, the collimators 23, 32, 33 are usually made out of tungsten or machinable tungsten alloys.

As a non-limitative example, a system to condition, acquire and process the radiation signal (FIG. 9) delivered by photomultipliers 20 or 40 is composed of summing 50, preamplifying 51 and amplifying 52 units, optional pulse height analyzer 53, single channel analyzer 55, spectrum stabilizer 54, counter 56, and interface 57 to computer 58. All these devices are known by the common practice in radiometry. FIG. 9 shows a possible combination of those units.

The spectrum stabilizer unit 54 is tuned on a specific energy peak of either the MOX fuel or a gamma source built in the scintillator in order to correct the different drifts in the measurement devices. Especially ¹³⁷Cs doped NaI crystals or CdZnTe crystals can also be used for that purpose.

The system can periodically be calibrated by running through the apparatus a standard and/or reference fuel rod that contains all the features and attribute limits to be detected. Alternatively, this calibration can be performed by computer modeling of the gamma emissions and of the active gamma transmissions.

The computing can be performed with any microcomputer provided with parallel and serial interfaces for signal acquisition and appropriate peripherals for reporting and archiving.

The above γ-radiometric and γ-radiographic methods can also be applied for fast breeder reactor MOX fuel rods containing UO₂ blankets, as well as for light water reactor MOX fuel rods containing different plutonium enrichments inside a same cladding.

Although the here above described invention pertains to the quality control of MOX fuel rods, it can be easily understood that this invention also applies to fuel rods made from any plutonium-bearing fuel pellets, like

-   -   Plutonium-bearing fuel with a content of burnable or not         burnable poisons (e.g. B, Gd, Er, Hf),     -   mixed oxide fuel (MOX) made from thorium and plutonium,     -   plutonium nitrides and carbides,     -   inert matrix plutonium-bearing fuel for plutonium incineration.

The invention has been demonstrated on MOX fuel rods with the following hardware configuration:

-   -   a combination of two stepping motor mechanisms driving the rod 1         at a speed of 3 cm/sec constant at 1/1000,     -   a γ-radiometric detecting unit composed of 3 annular NaI(Tl)         detectors provided each with a 15 millimeter wide collimator, a         1 mm thick cadmium filter, 2 photomultipliers and 3 energy         windows,     -   a γ-radiographic detecting unit composed of a 300 mCi ²⁴¹Am         source and a thin asymmetrical NaI(Tl) detector provided with a         2 millimeter wide collimator and one photomultiplier,     -   a α-detecting unit composed of an annular ZnS (Ag) scintillation         crystal and provided with one photomultiplier,     -   a signal conditioning, acquisition and preprocessing unit         (optimized for 10 mm long channels), and     -   a Pentium Intel microcomputer operating under Windows NT and         hosting a C program,         and has lead to the detection of rogue pellets, rod structure         non-conformities (i.e. related to gaps, spring, plenum) and rod         surface contamination with following performances reported for a         confidence level corresponding to one standard deviation:

reproducibility (measured using multiple runs with a caliber rod): fuel rod length 0.2 mm pellet stack length 0.4 mm plenum length 0.2 mm gap length (gaps > 0.5 mm)  30% relative ^(tot)Pu per channel 0.8% relative ²³⁹Pu per channel 0.8% relative ²⁴¹Pu per channel 0.7% relative ²⁴¹ Am per channel 0.8% relative alpha contamination (for a total activity  20% relative > 75 Bq on the whole rod):

-   -   detection limits:         -   rogue pellet: any pellet presenting a single or a multiple             deviation of 7% relative to the neighboring measurements for             ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴¹Pu and/or ^(tot)Pu and 15% for ²⁴¹AM         -   alpha contamination: 15 Bq (over the whole rod)         -   gap: 0.5 mm     -   throughput: one 4 m long fuel rod every 2 minutes. 

1. A method for carrying out a comprehensive quality control of a MOX fuel rod, comprising a combination of operations selected from: measuring a plutonium content of pellets contained in said rod, checking for rogue pellets in said rod, checking internal structure and constituents in said rod, measuring dimensional characteristics of said rod measuring radioactive contamination along a surface of said rod, and checking conformity of a rod identity with plutonium enrichment, characterized by: moving the fuel rod axially, performing concurrently said measurements and checks along the fuel rod moved axially, and using radiometry, and/or radiography and/or electro-optical identification for said control.
 2. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by moving continuously said fuel rod at constant speed during said measurements and checks.
 3. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by simultaneously measuring the plutonium content and checking for rogue pellets through scanning of the native gamma radiation emitted by the plutonium and americium contained in the pellets with a single, or a plurality of, NaI and/or CdTe detector(s).
 4. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by simultaneously measuring the plutonium content and detecting rogue pellets through scanning of the gamma radiation emitted by the plutonium contained in the pellets after activation by thermalized neutrons from a ²⁵²Cf or ²⁴¹AmLi source, the measuring being performed with a single, or a plurality of, NaI and/or CdTe detector(s).
 5. The method, as claimed in claim 3, characterized by simultaneously detecting said gamma radiation with the plurality of detectors, the signals of which being discriminated with several energy windows, temporally shifting the said delivered signals, and summing the shifted signals.
 6. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by simultaneously checking the internal structure through subjecting the rod to an external ²⁴¹Am or ¹³⁷Cs gamma source, and scanning the traversing gamma radiation with a single gamma detector.
 7. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by simultaneously measuring an external alpha contamination through a single annular detector without contacting the fuel rod.
 8. The method, as claimed in claim 1, characterized by simultaneously checking conformity of a rod identity with the plutonium content through electro optical reading or image processing of identification code(s).
 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that moving the fuel rod is carried out by using two independent but strictly synchronized driving mechanisms, one located at a feed end and one at an exit end of a rod scanning apparatus designed for said method, so as to insure a constant progression of the fuel rod through the apparatus from one end plug of the fuel rod to, said two mechanisms being spaced at a distance shorter than the length of the rod.
 10. An apparatus for carrying out said comprehensive MOX fuel rod quality control method according to claim 1, characterized by: means for moving the fuel rod axially at constant speed, comprising at least two independent but strictly synchronized driving mechanisms, one located at feed end and one at an exit end of the rod control apparatus, a series of measuring and checking systems aligned along the path of travel of said fuel rod and operating concurrently, and said systems being selected from a group comprising radiometry, radiography and electro optical identification systems.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 10 characterized by a single or a plurality of NaI and/or CdTe detectors for measuring the plutonium content and detecting rogue pellets by scanning the native gamma radiation emitted by the plutonium and americium contained in the pellets.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 10 characterized in that, for measuring the plutonium content and detecting rogue pellets, said apparatus comprises: a ²⁵²Cf or ²⁴¹AMLi source of thermalized neutrons for activation of the plutonium, and a single or a plurality of NaI and/or CdTe detectors for the scanning of the gamma radiation emitted by the activated plutonium contained in the pellets.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 11 characterized by a single or a plurality of annular detectors for measuring the plutonium content and detecting rogue pellets.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 11, characterized by a plurality of energy discriminators and means for summing temporally shifted γ-counts.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 10 characterized in that, for checking the internal structure and constituents of the rod, said apparatus comprises: an external ²⁴¹Am or ¹³⁷Cs source of gamma radiation, and a single gamma detector for scanning of the gamma radiation traversing the fuel rod.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 10 characterized in that, for measuring radioactive contamination of cladding along the rod, said apparatus comprises: a single or a plurality of annular alpha detectors for scanning of the alpha radiation emitted by an external surface of the fuel rod.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 12, characterized by a single or a plurality of annular detectors for measuring the plutonium content and detecting rogue pellets.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 12, characterized by a plurality of energy discriminators and means for summing temporally shifted γ-counts. 